A NOVA CENTRALIDADE DA ÁGUA E DO SANEAMENTO PÓS COVID19
Palavras-chave:
Água, Saneamento, COVID-19, Epidemiologia, Reuso
Resumo
A COVID-19, conhecida por síndrome respiratória aguda grave, causada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, por ser de rápida propagação, culminou no estabelecimento do isolamento social, causando impactos significativos à economia. Assim, a pandemia da COVID-19 tem chamado a atenção para o tema água e saneamento em aspectos relacionados à essencialidade do seu provimento, à medida preventiva de higienização das mãos e à identificação da presença do coronavírus no esgoto sanitário. O objetivo do presente artigo é, por meio da apresentação e avaliação de estatísticas e estudos científicos, explicitar alguns dos aspectos associados à centralidade do binômio água e saneamento que podem revelar-se determinantes para o relançamento da economia mundial no período pós-COVID-19, nomeadamente: 1) direito humano à água e ao saneamento, fundamentais para a garantia da qualidade de vida, da capacidade produtiva e da saúde pública, porém com uma realidade ainda desafiadora especialmente para países economicamente vulneráveis; 2) relação com a epidemiologia e ocorrência do coronavírus no esgoto sanitário, chamando a atenção da comunidade científica, da sociedade e dos tomadores de decisão, mesmo que ainda sem evidências científicas da sua transmissão feco-oral; 3) relação da água com a economia, considerando-a recurso base para produção industrial e agrícola e geração de empregos. Conclui-se assim pela construção do conceito “nova centralidade da água e do saneamento” como fator chave para a retomada da economia pós-COVID-19.
Referências
AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE ÁGUAS. Boletim de acompanhamento: monitoramento COVID esgotos 04/05/2020. Minas Gerais: ANA, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ana.gov.br/noticias/monitoramento-covid-esgotos-constata-presenca-do-coronavirus-em-primeiras-coletas/boletim-01_04-de-maio-de-2020_-monitoramento-covid-esgotos_final.pdf. Acesso em: 26 maio 2020.
ANGELAKIS, A. N. et al. Water reuse: form ancient to modern times and the future. Frontiers in Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 26, p. 1-17, 2018.
BRASIL. Sistema nacional de informações sobre saneamento: 24º diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos – 2018. Brasília, DF: Secretaria Nacional de Saneamento: Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional, 2019. Disponível em: http://www.snis.gov.br/downloads/diagnosticos/ae/2018/Diagnostico_AE2018.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
CAIRNCROSS, S. et al. Water sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhea. International Journal of Epidemiology, [S. l.], v. 39, n. 1, p. 193-205. 2010. Supl. 1.
CHEN, N. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavírus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 395, n. 10223, p. 507-513. 2020.
DAUGHTON, C. The international imperative to rapidly and inexpensively monitor community-wide Covid-19 infection status and trends. Science of the Total Environmental, [S. l.], v. 726., n. 138149, p. 1-2, 2020.
DESBUREAUX, S. et al. The impact of water quality on GDP growth: evidence from around the world. Washington: World Bank Group, 2019. Disponível em: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/656191576065317601/pdf/The-Impact-of-Water-Quality-on-GDP-Growth-Evidence-from-Around-the-World.pdf. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
DUNFORD, D. et al. Coronavirus: the world in lockdown in maps and charts. BBC News, [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Integrated agriculture water management and health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/3/ca8712en/ca8712en.pdf. Acesso em: 04 maio 2020.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture: managing systems at risk. Rome: ONU; London: Earthscan, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1688e.pdf. Acesso em: 4 maio 2020.
GAWAI, P. P. et al. A cross sectional descriptive study of hand washing knowledge and practices among primary school children in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Índia. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 10, p. 2968-2966, 2016.
GOTHANKAR, J. et al. Reported incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in India: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 1111, p. 1-11, 2018.
HELLER, L.; MOTA, C. R.; GRECO, D. B. COVID-19 fecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right question? Science of the Total Environmental, [S. l.], v. 729, n. 138919, p. 1-3, 2020.
HOLSHUE, M. L. et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavírus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 382, n. 10, p. 929-936, 2020.
HUANG, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavírus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 395, n. 10223, p. 497-506, 2020.
HUTTON, G.; VARUGHESE, M. The costs of meeting the 2030 sustainable development goals targets on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene. World Bank, [S. l.], 2016. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/the-costs-of-meeting-the-2030-sustainable-development-goal-targets-on-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
LAZAROVA, V. et al. Milestones in water reuse: the best success stories. London: IWA Publishing, 2013.
LI, Q. et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavírus-Infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, [S. l.], v. 382, n. 13, p. 1199-1207, 2020.
LIU, Y. et al. Global water use associated with energy supply, demand and international trade of China. Applied Energy, [S. l.], v. 257, n. 113992, p. 1-10, 2020.
LODDER, W.; HUSMAN, A. M. R. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 6, p. 533-534, 2020.
MAO, K.; ZHANG, H.; YANG, Z. Can a paper-based device trace COVID-19 sources with wastewater-based epidemiology? Environmental Science and Technology, [S. l.], v. 54, p. 3733-3735, 2020.
MCKIBBIN, W. J.; FERNANDO, R. The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: seven Scenarios. CAMA Working Paper, [S. l.], n. 19, p. 1-45, 2020.
MEDEMA, G. et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavírus-2 in sewage. MedRxiv, [S. l.], p. 1-9, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880v1. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
MOZYNSKI, P. BMA says inadequate sanitation is a global crisis. British Medical Journal, [S. l.], v. 336, n. 7636, p. 117, 2008.
PACIFIC INSTITUTE. Water conflict chronology. Pacific Institute, Oakland, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
SALGOT, M.; FOLCH, M. Wastewater treatment and water reuse. Environmental Science & Health, [S. l.], v. 2, p. 64-74, 2018.
SCHELLEKENS, J. et al. The economic value of water – water as a key resource for economic growth in the EU. Rotterdam: ECORYS, 2018. Disponível em: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/blue2_study/pdf/BLUE2%20Task%20A2%20Final%20Report_CLEAN.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
SHRESTHA, S.; YADAV, R. S.; SHARMA, S. Hand washing at peripheral health facilities of kathmandu, and over locked practice. Journal of Microbiology Research Society, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-3, 2017.
SILVA, P. N.; HELLER, L. O direito humano à agua e ao esgotamento sanitário como instrumento para promoção da saúde de populações vunlenráveis. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, [S. l.]., v. 21, n. 6, p. 1861-1869, 2016.
SIMS, N.; KASPRZYK-HORDERN, B. Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: monitoring infectious diseases spread and resistance to the community level. Environmental International, [S. l.], v. 139, n. 105689, p. 1-13, 2020.
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE. Making water a part of economic development: the economic benefits of improved water management and services. [S. l.], 2005. Disponível em: https://www.siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/waterandmacroecon.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. et al. Wastewater engineering: treatment and resource recovery. 5. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 20 december 2006. [New York]: UN, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/61/192. Acesso em: 2 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 25 september 2015. [New York]: UN, 2015. Disponível em: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/89/PDF/N1529189.pdf. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 28 july 2010. [New York]: UN, 2010. Disponível em: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/64/292. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2017b. Disponível em: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Progress_on_Drinking_Water_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_2017.pdf. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Safely managed drinking water. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2017a. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325897/9789241565424-eng.pdf. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2020. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1275547/retrieve. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Leaving no one behind. Paris: UNESCO, 2019. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367306. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Managing water under uncertainty and risk. Paris: UNESCO, 2012. 3 v. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215644. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Wasterwater: the untapped resource. Paris: UNESCO, 2017. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247153. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Water and climate change. Paris: UNESCO, 2020. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372985. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Water and jobs. Paris: UNESCO, 2016. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000243938. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
VALUE OF WATER CAMPAIGN. The economic benefits of investing in water infrastructure. [S. l.], 2017. Disponível em: http://thevalueofwater.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Impact%20of%20Investing%20in%20Water%20Infrastructure_VOW_FINAL_pages.pdf. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
WANG, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavírus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, [S. l.], v. 323, n. 11, p. 1061-1069. 2020.
WATER EUROPE. A water smart society for a successful post COVID19 recovery plan. [Bruxelas]: WE, 2020. Disponível em: https://watereurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-Water-Smart-Society-for-a-post-covid19-recovery-plan.pdf. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. Global risks. World Economic Forum, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.weforum.org/global-risks/reports. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. [Genebra]: WHO, 2020a. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavírus-2019. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage. Geneva: WHO, 2012. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75140/WHO_HSE_WSH_12.01_eng.pdf. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard: data last updated: 2020/4/30. [Genebra]: WHO, 2020b. Disponível em: https://covid19.who.int/. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD WIDE FOUND FOR NATURE. Global future reports. WWF, [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://wwf.panda.org/?359334. Acesso em: 04 maio 2020.
WU, Y. et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 5, p. 434-435, 2020.
WU, Z. et al. Defining and evaluating the social value of regional water resources in terms of energy. Water Policy, [S. l.], v. 21, n. 1, p. 73-90, 2018.
XIAO, F. et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, [S. l.], v. 158, p. 1831-1833, 2020.
XU, Y. et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nature Medicine, [S. l.], v. 26, p. 502-505, 2020.
YEO, C.; KAUSHAL, S.; YEO, D. Enteric involvement of coronavíruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 4, p. 335-337, 2020.
ZHANG J. et al. Small scale direct potable reuse (DRP) project for a remote area. Water, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 1-25, 2017.
ANGELAKIS, A. N. et al. Water reuse: form ancient to modern times and the future. Frontiers in Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 26, p. 1-17, 2018.
BRASIL. Sistema nacional de informações sobre saneamento: 24º diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos – 2018. Brasília, DF: Secretaria Nacional de Saneamento: Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional, 2019. Disponível em: http://www.snis.gov.br/downloads/diagnosticos/ae/2018/Diagnostico_AE2018.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
CAIRNCROSS, S. et al. Water sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhea. International Journal of Epidemiology, [S. l.], v. 39, n. 1, p. 193-205. 2010. Supl. 1.
CHEN, N. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavírus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 395, n. 10223, p. 507-513. 2020.
DAUGHTON, C. The international imperative to rapidly and inexpensively monitor community-wide Covid-19 infection status and trends. Science of the Total Environmental, [S. l.], v. 726., n. 138149, p. 1-2, 2020.
DESBUREAUX, S. et al. The impact of water quality on GDP growth: evidence from around the world. Washington: World Bank Group, 2019. Disponível em: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/656191576065317601/pdf/The-Impact-of-Water-Quality-on-GDP-Growth-Evidence-from-Around-the-World.pdf. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
DUNFORD, D. et al. Coronavirus: the world in lockdown in maps and charts. BBC News, [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Integrated agriculture water management and health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/3/ca8712en/ca8712en.pdf. Acesso em: 04 maio 2020.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture: managing systems at risk. Rome: ONU; London: Earthscan, 2011. Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1688e.pdf. Acesso em: 4 maio 2020.
GAWAI, P. P. et al. A cross sectional descriptive study of hand washing knowledge and practices among primary school children in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Índia. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 10, p. 2968-2966, 2016.
GOTHANKAR, J. et al. Reported incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in India: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 1111, p. 1-11, 2018.
HELLER, L.; MOTA, C. R.; GRECO, D. B. COVID-19 fecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right question? Science of the Total Environmental, [S. l.], v. 729, n. 138919, p. 1-3, 2020.
HOLSHUE, M. L. et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavírus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 382, n. 10, p. 929-936, 2020.
HUANG, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavírus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 395, n. 10223, p. 497-506, 2020.
HUTTON, G.; VARUGHESE, M. The costs of meeting the 2030 sustainable development goals targets on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene. World Bank, [S. l.], 2016. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/the-costs-of-meeting-the-2030-sustainable-development-goal-targets-on-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
LAZAROVA, V. et al. Milestones in water reuse: the best success stories. London: IWA Publishing, 2013.
LI, Q. et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavírus-Infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, [S. l.], v. 382, n. 13, p. 1199-1207, 2020.
LIU, Y. et al. Global water use associated with energy supply, demand and international trade of China. Applied Energy, [S. l.], v. 257, n. 113992, p. 1-10, 2020.
LODDER, W.; HUSMAN, A. M. R. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 6, p. 533-534, 2020.
MAO, K.; ZHANG, H.; YANG, Z. Can a paper-based device trace COVID-19 sources with wastewater-based epidemiology? Environmental Science and Technology, [S. l.], v. 54, p. 3733-3735, 2020.
MCKIBBIN, W. J.; FERNANDO, R. The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: seven Scenarios. CAMA Working Paper, [S. l.], n. 19, p. 1-45, 2020.
MEDEMA, G. et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavírus-2 in sewage. MedRxiv, [S. l.], p. 1-9, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.20045880v1. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
MOZYNSKI, P. BMA says inadequate sanitation is a global crisis. British Medical Journal, [S. l.], v. 336, n. 7636, p. 117, 2008.
PACIFIC INSTITUTE. Water conflict chronology. Pacific Institute, Oakland, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
SALGOT, M.; FOLCH, M. Wastewater treatment and water reuse. Environmental Science & Health, [S. l.], v. 2, p. 64-74, 2018.
SCHELLEKENS, J. et al. The economic value of water – water as a key resource for economic growth in the EU. Rotterdam: ECORYS, 2018. Disponível em: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/blue2_study/pdf/BLUE2%20Task%20A2%20Final%20Report_CLEAN.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
SHRESTHA, S.; YADAV, R. S.; SHARMA, S. Hand washing at peripheral health facilities of kathmandu, and over locked practice. Journal of Microbiology Research Society, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-3, 2017.
SILVA, P. N.; HELLER, L. O direito humano à agua e ao esgotamento sanitário como instrumento para promoção da saúde de populações vunlenráveis. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, [S. l.]., v. 21, n. 6, p. 1861-1869, 2016.
SIMS, N.; KASPRZYK-HORDERN, B. Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: monitoring infectious diseases spread and resistance to the community level. Environmental International, [S. l.], v. 139, n. 105689, p. 1-13, 2020.
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE. Making water a part of economic development: the economic benefits of improved water management and services. [S. l.], 2005. Disponível em: https://www.siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/waterandmacroecon.pdf. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. et al. Wastewater engineering: treatment and resource recovery. 5. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 20 december 2006. [New York]: UN, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/61/192. Acesso em: 2 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 25 september 2015. [New York]: UN, 2015. Disponível em: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/89/PDF/N1529189.pdf. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 28 july 2010. [New York]: UN, 2010. Disponível em: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/64/292. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2017b. Disponível em: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Progress_on_Drinking_Water_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_2017.pdf. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Safely managed drinking water. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2017a. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325897/9789241565424-eng.pdf. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. New York: UNICEF; Geneva: WHO, 2020. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1275547/retrieve. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Leaving no one behind. Paris: UNESCO, 2019. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367306. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Managing water under uncertainty and risk. Paris: UNESCO, 2012. 3 v. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215644. Acesso em: 3 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Wasterwater: the untapped resource. Paris: UNESCO, 2017. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247153. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Water and climate change. Paris: UNESCO, 2020. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372985. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Water and jobs. Paris: UNESCO, 2016. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000243938. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2020.
VALUE OF WATER CAMPAIGN. The economic benefits of investing in water infrastructure. [S. l.], 2017. Disponível em: http://thevalueofwater.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Impact%20of%20Investing%20in%20Water%20Infrastructure_VOW_FINAL_pages.pdf. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
WANG, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavírus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, [S. l.], v. 323, n. 11, p. 1061-1069. 2020.
WATER EUROPE. A water smart society for a successful post COVID19 recovery plan. [Bruxelas]: WE, 2020. Disponível em: https://watereurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-Water-Smart-Society-for-a-post-covid19-recovery-plan.pdf. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. Global risks. World Economic Forum, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.weforum.org/global-risks/reports. Acesso em: 03 maio 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. [Genebra]: WHO, 2020a. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavírus-2019. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage. Geneva: WHO, 2012. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75140/WHO_HSE_WSH_12.01_eng.pdf. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard: data last updated: 2020/4/30. [Genebra]: WHO, 2020b. Disponível em: https://covid19.who.int/. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2020.
WORLD WIDE FOUND FOR NATURE. Global future reports. WWF, [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://wwf.panda.org/?359334. Acesso em: 04 maio 2020.
WU, Y. et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 5, p. 434-435, 2020.
WU, Z. et al. Defining and evaluating the social value of regional water resources in terms of energy. Water Policy, [S. l.], v. 21, n. 1, p. 73-90, 2018.
XIAO, F. et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, [S. l.], v. 158, p. 1831-1833, 2020.
XU, Y. et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nature Medicine, [S. l.], v. 26, p. 502-505, 2020.
YEO, C.; KAUSHAL, S.; YEO, D. Enteric involvement of coronavíruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 4, p. 335-337, 2020.
ZHANG J. et al. Small scale direct potable reuse (DRP) project for a remote area. Water, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 1-25, 2017.
Publicado
2020-06-03
Como Citar
de Melo, M., Santos, A., & Vieira, J. (2020). A NOVA CENTRALIDADE DA ÁGUA E DO SANEAMENTO PÓS COVID19. Revista Augustus, 25(51), 294-315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15202/1981896.2020v25n51p294
Seção
Artigos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
O conteúdo dos artigos é de responsabilidade exclusiva do(s) autor(es), que se declaram responsáveis por qualquer reclamação de terceiros quanto a conflitos envolvendo direitos autorais, isentando a Revista Augustus de quaisquer pendências envolvendo suas publicações. A cessão de direitos autorais não acarretará em nenhuma espécie de ônus para a revista.
Os autores de trabalhos aprovados declaram a originalidade, o ineditismo e a atualidade de todo o conteúdo do artigo, mediante a apresentação da referência completa de todas as fontes utilizadas no texto e transferem para a Revista Augustus o direito de normalização, edição e publicação do artigo, de modo inédito e exclusivo por nenhum outro meio. Caso seja verificada a quebra de exclusividade, a submissão será arquivada e os autores serão impedidos de publicar novamente na revista por 5 (cinco) anos, sem prejuízo das ações cíveis/penais previstas em lei.
O autor tem plena ciência de que: a) a submissão poderá ser recusada caso o Conselho Editorial da Revista Augustus não considere pertinente a publicação, por quaisquer motivos, devidamente fundamentados; b) os editores reservam-se o direito de modificar o texto da submissão - sem alteração de conteúdo - para normalizá-lo e adaptá-lo às normas de publicação.É permitida a cópia, total ou parcial, de artigo publicado na Revista Augustus, desde que devidamente citada a fonte, sendo vedado o uso comercial e a produção e distribuição de trabalhos derivados.
